Evolutionary ecology of marine invertebrate larvae /
edited by Tyler J. Carrier (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA), Adam M. Reitzel (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA), Andreas Heyland (University of Guelph, Canada).
- First edition.
- xix, 328 pages, 12 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations ; 25 cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Evolutionary Origins and Transitions in Developmental Mode -- Origin and Diversity of Marine Larvae / Claus Nielsen -- Introduction-Defining a Larva -- Origin of Larvae -- Variation in Larval Types -- An Overview of the Diversity of Marine Larvae -- Spiralia (Lophotrochozoa) -- Ecdysozoa -- Ambulacraria -- Chordata -- Summary -- References -- Evolutionary Development of Marine Larvae / Heather Marlow -- Introduction -- Homologous Larval Features -- History of the Debate for Ancestrality of Larval and Adult Forms -- Molecular Approaches to Comparing Larval Features -- Distinguishing Larval Features and Adult Features: Body Plan and Innovations in Gene Regulation -- Comparison of Cell Types -- Comparison of Global Transcriptional Signals-Assessing Homology of Ontogenetic Process -- Developmental Networks and the Modularity of Gene Expression: Integrating Global and Cell-Type Specific Transcriptional Programs -- A Case Study in Heterochrony: Modularity Gives Rise to Heterochronic Shifts in Feeding Structures -- Pelago-benthic Metamorphosis is an Ancestral Metazoan Feature -- Summary -- References -- Evolutionary Ecology of Parental Investment and Larval Diversity / Dustin Marshall, Justin S. McAlister, Adam M. Reitzel -- Introduction -- The Biogeography of Parental Investment in the Sea -- Theory of Parental Investment in Marine Organisms -- Parental Investment Egg Size, and the Size-Number Trade-Off -- Does Offspring Size Reflect Energy Content? -- Does Energy Content or Size Reflect Total Per-Offspring Investment? -- Does Energy Content Reflect the Proximal Constraints on Maternal Investment? -- Offspring Size-Fitness Functions -- Offspring Size and Fertilization Success -- Offspring Size and the Planktonic Period -- Offspring Size Effects on Post-metamorphic Performance -- Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Parental Investment -- Ecological Importance of Offspring Size -- Drivers of Among-Environment Variation in Offspring Size -- Environmental Dependent Variation in Offspring Quality Other than Size -- Within-Brood Variation -- Future Directions -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Evolutionary Transitions in Mode of Development / Rachel Collin, Amy Moran -- Introduction -- The Analytical Approach -- Limitations of the Long View -- Future Directions and Unanswered Questions for Analytical Approaches -- A Closer View -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrate Embryos and Larvae / Jonathan D. Allen, Adam M. Reitzel, William Jaeckle -- Introduction -- Types of Asexual Reproduction of and by Embryos and Larvae -- Embryo -- Larva -- Asexual Reproduction by Feeding Larvae of Echinoderms -- Class-level Distribution of Larval Cloning in Echinoderms -- Modes of Asexual Reproduction in Echinoderms -- Asexual Reproduction by Budding -- Asexual Reproduction by Paratomy -- Asexual Reproduction by Autotomy -- Induction of Asexual Reproduction -- Abiotic -- Biotic -- Other Taxa -- Is Larval Cloning Adaptive? -- Open Questions for Future Research -- Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section 1 Summary-Evolutionary Origins and Transitions in Developmental Mode -- Functional Morphology and Ecology of Larval Forms -- Larval Feeding: Mechanisms, Rates, and Performance in Nature / Bruno Pernet -- Introduction -- How Do Marine Invertebrate Larvae Feed? -- The Limited Palette of Physical Processes of Particle Encounter and Capture -- The Diverse Array of Larval Forms and Feeding Mechanisms -- Predicting Larval Feeding Performance from Form and Feeding Mechanism -- Predicting Maximum Clearance Rate -- Predicting the Size Spectrum of Catchable Particles -- Inferences on Larval Feeding Performance in Nature -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Phenotypic Plasticity of Feeding Structures in Marine Invertebrate Larvae / Justin S. McAlister, Benjamin G. Miner -- Phenotypic Plasticity -- Feeding Larvae of Marine Invertebrates -- Plasticity of Feeding Structures in Planktotrophie Larvae -- Food Limitation, Resource Acquisition, and Energetic Trade-offs -- Patterns of Expression and Environmental Cues -- Developmental Mechanisms of Feeding-Structure Plasticity -- Experimental Designs and Analyses -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Physiology of Larval Feeding / William Jaeckle -- Introduction -- Physiology of Invertebrate Larvae: The Challenge -- Acquisition of Materials -- Material Movement -- Ventilation of the Digestive System -- Digestion and Absorption -- Extraction Efficiency -- Internal Transport Systems -- Alternative Sources of Organic Materials-Dissolved Organic Materials -- An Example of Physiological Responses to Environmental Change-Ocean Acidification -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section 2 Summary-Functional Morphology and Ecology of Larval Forms -- Larval Transport, Settlement, and Metamorphosis -- Larval Transport in the Coastal Zone: Biological and Physical Processes / Jes�us Pineda, Nathalie Reyns -- Introduction -- Scales of Larval Transport -- Components of Larval Transport and Other Relevant Phenomena -- Larval Behavior -- Physical Transport Mechanisms and Hydrodynamic Variability -- Advective Physical Mechanisms in the Coastal Ocean Associated with Larval Transport -- Other First-order Phenomena and Processes Relevant to Larval Transport -- Swimming Proficiency and Size -- Larval Duration -- Accumulation -- Patchiness and Episodic Transport -- Spatial Variability in Larval Abundance -- Challenges and Recent Approaches to Understanding and Measuring Larval Transport -- Challenges -- Recent Approaches -- Conclusion and Next Steps -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Genetic Analysis of Larval Dispersal, Gene Flow, and Connectivity / Peter B. Marko, Michael W. Hart -- Introduction -- Genetic Approaches to the Study of Larval Dispersal -- How to Estimate Larval Dispersal from Genetics -- Population-Based Methods -- Individual-Based Methods -- Improved Understanding of Larval Dispersal and Gene Flow -- Biological Correlates of Larval Dispersal: Planktonic Larval Duration -- Estimates of Dispersal Distances -- Consequences of Larval Dispersal: Genetic Connectivity vs. Demographic Connectivity -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- I Feel That! Fluid Dynamics and Sensory Aspects of Larval Settlement Across Scales / Jason Hodin, Matthew C. Ferner, Andreas Heyland, Brian Gaylord -- Introduction -- What Does It Feel Like to be a Larva? -- What Can a Larva Sense in Its Fluid Environment and How Does It Do So? -- How Larvae Find Their Way Home: Scales of Flow and Larval Behavior -- The Macro Scale:� 1-100 Kilometers -- The Meso Scale: <0.1-1 Kilometers -- The Local Scale: 10s of Centimeters-10s of Meters -- The Larval Scale: <1 Millimeter-a Few Centimeters -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Latent Effects: Surprising Consequences of Embryonic and Larval Experience on Life after Metamorphosis / Jan A. Pechenik -- Introduction and Definitions -- Latent Effects of Exposure to Toxicants -- Latent Effects Following Hypoxia -- Latent Effects from Food and Nutrient Limitation -- Latent Impact of Salinity Stress -- Latent Effects of Delayed Metamorphosis -- Latent Effects of Ocean Acidification -- Latent Impact of Thermal Stress -- Caution in Interpreting Latent Effects -- Consequences of Larval Stress are Not Always Negative -- Mechanisms Accounting for Latent Effects -- Impact and Implications -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section 3 Summary-Larval Transport, Settlement, and Metamorphosis -- Larval Ecology at the Extremes -- Ecology and Evolution of Larval Dispersal in the Deep Sea / Craig M. Young, Shawn M. Arellano, Jean-Fran�cois Hamel, Annie Mercier -- Introduction -- Why Deep-Sea Dispersal Matters -- Is Dispersal Advantageous to Deep-Sea Species? -- How Common is Brooding in the Deep Sea? -- Do Deep-Sea Larvae Demonstrate Distinctive Developmental Strategies that Either Enhance or Reduce Dispersal Distance? -- Increasing Dispersal Through Parental Investment -- Increasing Dispersal Through Arrested Development -- Controlling Dispersal Depth with Egg Density -- Increasing Dispersal through Slow Development and Long Planktonic Larval Durations -- Does Release horn Predation Permit Long Dispersal Times in the Deep Sea? -- Ontogenetic Vertical Migration and Its Evolutionary Significance -- Ontogenetic Vertical Migration May Be a Phylogenetically Constrained Character -- Planktotrophic Larvae of Deep-Sea Animals May Require Migration to Reach Productive Surface Waters -- Ontogenetic Vertical Migrations Impact Biogeography by Mediating Transport or Retention of Larvae -- Demersal Drift May Either Retain Larvae or Increase Encounter Rates for Isolated Substrata -- Summary -- References -- Larval Ecology in the Face of Changing Climate-Impacts of Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification / Maria Byrne, Pauline M. Ross, Symon A. Dworjanyn, Laura Parker -- Introduction -- Global Warming-Larvae on the Move -- Ocean Acidification-Multiple Drivers -- Multistressor Effects-Interactive Effects of Ocean Warming and Acidification on Larvae -- Adaptation and Acclimation of Marine Larval Stages in a Changing Climate -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Ecotoxicology in Marine Environments: The Protective Role of ABC Transporters in Sea Urchin Embryos and Larvae / Ilaria Corsi, Luis Fernando Marques-Santos -- Introduction -- Sea Urchin Development -- ABC Transporters: Brief History and General Overview -- ABC Transporters in Sea Urchin Embryos and Larvae -- ABC Transporters, Echinoderms, and Ecotoxicology -- ABC Transporters and Bioassays -- Current Knowledge and Future Gaps -- Summary -- References -- An -Omics Perspective on Marine Invertebrate Larvae / Elizabeth A. Williams, Tyler J. Carrier -- Introduction -- Role of -Omics Approaches in Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms of Larval Development and Life History Evolution Omics Approaches for Measuring Larval Response to Environmental Change and Challenges -- Marine Invertebrate Larvae and Their Microbiome -- Omics Approaches to Further Understanding of Larval Physiology: Growth, Feeding, and Nutrition -- Connectomics: An -Omics Approach to Shed Light on Larval Behavior -- A Future Perspective -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section 4 Summary-Larval Ecology at the Extremes -- Marine Invertebrate Larvae: Model Life Histories for Development, Ecology, and Evolution / Alan C. Love, Richard R. Strathmann -- Introduction -- Model Life Histories -- Evolution: Diversity, Origins, and Adaptation -- Ecology: Dispersal, Feeding, and Metamorphosis -- Emerging Issues: Environmental Hazards and Extreme Environments -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References.
"More than seventy percent of the earth's surface is covered by the ocean which is home to a staggering and sometimes overwhelming diversity of organisms, the majority of which reside in pelagic form. Marine invertebrate larvae are an integral component of this pelagic diversity and have stimulated the curiosity of researchers for centuries. This accessible, upper-level text provides an important and timely update on the topic of larval evolution and ecology, representing the first major synthesis of this interdisciplinary field for more than 20 years. The content is structured around four major areas: evolutionary origins and transitions in developmental mode; functional morphology and ecology of larval forms; larval transport, settlement, and metamorphosis; larval ecology in extreme and changing environments. This novel synthesis integrates traditional larval ecology with life history theory, evolutionary developmental biology, and modern genomics research to provide a research and teaching tool for decades to come."--The rear cover