Understanding Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology.=

Psychology

Includes bibliographical references (pages 386-392) and index.

Preface -- pt. I. First explorations -- 1. The range of research -- Studying the invisible -- Introspection -- The experimental approach -- Falsifiability -- Demand characteristics -- Control in experimentation -- Research without experimentation -- Psychometrics -- Direct observation -- Self-reports -- Surveys -- Evaluation -- Analysis of psychological data -- Summary -- Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) -- Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994) -- 2. Ethics in research : some shocking cases -- Shocking events in New Haven -- Public health shame -- Ethical issues -- How to design ethical research -- General -- Consent -- Deception -- Debriefing -- Withdrawal -- Confidentiality -- Protection -- Observational research -- Giving advice -- Colleagues -- Summary -- Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) -- 3. Some basic concepts in psychological research -- Who takes part in research? -- Populations -- Samples -- Variables -- Independent -- Fixed -- Random -- Dependent -- Confounding -- Level of measurement -- Quantitative research design -- Temporal precedence -- Covariation -- Alternative explanation -- Internal validity -- Replicability and reliability -- External validity -- Hypotheses -- Handling statistical data -- Qualitative and quantitative data -- Why use qualitative methods? -- Reflexivity -- Validity in qualitative research -- Types of qualitative research -- Ethnography -- Phenomenology -- Hermeneutics -- Grounded theory -- Qualitative data collection -- In-depth interviews -- Direct observation -- Participant observation -- Case studies -- Diaries -- Handling qualitative data -- Summary

pt. II. Beginning quantitative research -- 4. Using numbers to describe behaviour -- The distribution -- Building a distribution -- The normal distribution -- Central tendency -- The mean -- The median -- The mode -- Which central tendency measure? -- Dispersion -- The sample variance and the standard deviation -- Standard error of the mean -- The z-score -- Disruptions to normality -- skew and kurtosis -- Tabular presentation -- Summary -- 5. Inferential statistics -- why and what? -- Probability -- Hypothesis testing -- Step 1 : state the hypotheses -- Step 2 : set the criterion for rejecting Hb0s -- Step 3 : compute the test statistic -- Step 4 : decide about Hb0s (reject or not reject) -- One-tailed and two-tailed significance tests -- Power -- Parametric tests and assumptions -- Normal distribution -- Homogeneity of variances -- Level of measurement -- Degrees of freedom -- Summary -- Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962) -- 6. Simple experimental designs : being watched -- Who is watching you? -- The analysis of data from experiments with two conditions -- The t test -- Experiments with within-subjects designs -- Analysis of data in within-subjects designs -- Experiments using between-subjects designs -- Analysis of data in between-subjects designs -- One- and two-tailed t tests -- Summary -- Robert Zajonc -- 7. Single factorial designs : the levels of processing experiments -- Models of memory -- Designs with more than two groups -- Single factor designs -- Analysis of variance -- Total sum of squares (SST) -- Sum of squares between groups (SSB) -- Sum of squares within groups (SSW) -- Post-hoc tests in single factor between-subjects designs -- Non-parametric tests in single factor designs -- Single factor designs with repeated measures -- Non-parametric tests in single factor repeated -- Measures designs -- Tests of trend -- Summary -- Fergus Craik -- Robert Lockhart -- 8. Survey research : who is afraid of crime? -- Measuring attitudes using surveys -- Attitudes -- Attitude measurement -- Writing questionnaires -- Question format -- Scaling -- Dimensionality -- The major unidimensional scale types -- Likert scales -- Scoring and analysis -- Level of measurement -- Sampling -- Answers to our crime survey -- Ethical considerations of performing surveys -- Summary -- 9. Correlational designs : the poor relation? -- Correlational designs and analysis -- Correlational analysis with interval-level data -- Simple linear regression -- Correlation with non-continuous data -- Ordinal data -- Assumptions made in correlational analysis -- Partial correlation -- Summary -- Hans Jurgen Eysenck (1916-1997)

pt. III. Complex quantitative designs -- 10. Factorial designs with more than one factor : a closer look at memory -- Alternatives to the levels of processing framework -- The principles of encoding specificity -- Analysis of factorial designs with more than one factor -- Reporting factorial results -- Mixed designs -- Post-hoc analysis -- Simple effects -- Simple main effects for between- and within-subjects contrasts -- Non-parametric tests -- Transformations -- Friedman's test -- Summary -- Endel Tulving -- 11. Multivariate statistics -- Analysis of covariance -- Multivariate analysis of variance -- Summary -- 12. Complex correlational designs and analysis : stats can be murder -- Murdering stats -- Multiple linear regression -- Multicollinearity -- Selection methods -- Getting away with murder -- Logistic regression -- Summary -- Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634)

pt. IV. Beginning qualitative research -- 13. Theory in qualitative research -- The alternative paradigm? -- Qualitative versus quantitative research paradigms -- Theoretical viewpoints in psychological qualitative enquiry -- Phenomenology -- Ethnomethodology -- Symbolic interactionism -- Semiotics -- Hermeneutics -- Modernism, post-modernism -- Psychological approaches to qualitative research -- Summary -- 14. Designing qualitative research -- Features of qualitative research -- The role of the researcher -- Research design -- Sampling strategies -- Data collection techniques -- Analysis of data -- Credibility of qualitative research -- Summary

pt. V. Complex qualitative research -- 15. Interviews and focus groups -- Market research -- Qualitative interviews -- Conducting interviews -- Focus groups in qualitative research -- Use of focus groups -- Questions for focus groups -- Analysis of interview and focus group data -- Summary -- 16. Participant observation : girls, gangs and aggression -- Observing violence -- Violent women -- Observation as method -- Access -- Time -- Recording data -- Analysing data -- How to be a participant observer -- Summary -- Anne Campbell -- 17. Thematic analysis -- Research diaries -- The effect of recording experience -- The analysis -- The outcomes -- Summary -- 18. Discourse analysis : power and control -- Language structure -- Syntax -- relation of signs to each other -- Semantics -- relation of signs to objects -- Definitions of discourse analysis -- Assumptions of discourse analysis -- Issues of reliability and validity -- How do we perform discourse analysis? -- Gathering data for discourse analysis -- Natural discourse -- The method of discourse analysis -- Summary -- Jonathan Potter -- Margaret Wetherell -- 19. Evaluation research -- Evaluation of treatment programmes -- Sexual offending, the research, the theory -- Biological and evolutionary explanation of sexual aggression -- Social and psychological explanations for sexual aggression -- Treatment of sexual aggression and sexual offending -- Evaluation study design -- Effectiveness of therapy -- Summary -- pt. VI. Communication of research -- 20. Communicating research -- Journal articles -- Conference proceedings -- Books -- Government/corporate reports -- Newspapers -- Theses and dissertations -- Internet -- Research paper sections -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method and research design -- Results -- Statistical results -- Qualitative results -- Discussion -- Summary -- Appendix A. Choosing a statistical test -- Appendix B. SPSS output for data and analysis discussed in chapter 6 -- SPSS output for data and analysis discussed in chapter 7 -- SPSS output for data and analysis discussed in chapter 9 -- SPSS output for data and analysis discussed in chapter 10 -- SPSS output for data and analysis discussed in chapter 11 -- Glossary -- References -- Index.

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